“Flexibility is the amount of stretch that a given muscle allows,” explains Bryant Walrod, MD, a family and sports medicine physician at the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center in Columbus. Every muscle in our bodies is made up of long strands of muscle fibers, or cells, bunched together into progressively larger groups and ultimately wrapped in connective tissue called fascia. Our muscles, by design, contract (which allows you to do things like move or carry an object or push open a door) and also stretch, he explains. And the opposing stretch is just as important as the contraction. RELATED: Everything You Need to Know About How to Exercise Eventually a muscle that cannot sufficiently relax and stretch can limit our mobility. Mobility is the ability for joints (where two or more bones meet) to move through their full and healthy range of motion without being restricted by other tissues like ligaments, tendons, or muscles. When mobility becomes limited because muscles are too tight, the ability to safely perform everyday tasks as well as exercises ranging from running to strength training diminishes, explains Adam Rivadeneyra, MD, a sports medicine physician with the Hoag Orthopedic Institute and Orthopaedic Specialty Institute in Orange County, California. Think of a dancer who tries to kick her leg over her head without warming up first, or a pitcher who tries to throw a fastball as soon as he steps out of the locker room. Both are practically asking for an injury. If flexibility becomes severely limited, even everyday tasks (like bending over to pick up something you’ve dropped or lifting a suitcase) can similarly increase the risk of muscle strains and tears. This is especially true in older adults, as flexibility naturally declines as part of the aging process, Walrod explains. “Flexibility helps you perform activities of daily living and self-maintenance as you age, like putting socks and shoes on, taking care of your foot health, and being able to wash yourself,” adds Nicole Belkin, MD, orthopedic surgeon at NewYork-Presbyterian at Columbia University Irving Medical Center in New York City. What’s more, it’s important to remember that everything in your body is connected. So when one muscle gets too tight, it pulls on neighboring bones and muscles. And if one joint can’t move like it should, other joints have to pick up the slack in order to keep you moving. Over time, this can result in overuse injuries such as tendinitis. RELATED: How to Exercise Safely When You Have Osteoporosis If you’re looking to increase your flexibility, Dr. Belkin recommends stretching three to five days a week for five minutes. Here are the types of stretches you can do to maintain or improve flexibility:
Static Stretching
One of the most common types of stretching is static stretching, in which you move to a joint’s end range of motion and then hold that position for 15, 30, 60 seconds, or longer, Walrod explains. For example, to stretch your hamstrings, you can touch your toes, either while standing or seated on the floor with your legs outstretched. To stretch your chest muscles, you can hold both sides of a doorframe and then step forward. To stretch your glutes, you can hug your knee into your chest. It’s best to static stretch after exercise as a way to help cool down or throughout the day as a way to break up long periods of stretching and loosen tight muscles, Walrod says. RELATED: Everything You Need to Know About Aerobic Exercise
Dynamic Stretching
Examples include leg swings, walking lunges, hip circles, and arm circles.
Myofascial Release (‘Foam Rolling’)
Myofascial release (such as foam rolling or massage) involves applying pressure to the muscles’ connective tissues to help them relax, Walrod says. Sometimes, the massage therapist really has to dig into your knots for your muscles to relax and feel better. To improve flexibility, foam rolling may be most beneficial when performed immediately prior to dynamic stretching.
Ballistic Stretching Defined as performing a static stretch and then “bouncing” at the end range of motion, ballistic stretches can improve flexibility, but are not recommended because of their risk of injury, according to the International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy.Active Isolated Stretching (AIS) Active isolated stretches are held for two seconds. Research published in The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness shows AIS effectively increase range of motion.Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) PNF is a form of stretching that targets the muscle’s neurologic system, according to Walrod. Multiple forms exist, but all involve a partner applying force, and then the exerciser working either the stretched muscle or its opposing muscle.
And remember, when it comes to stretching and flexibility, repetition reigns, Walrod says. “Like everything else, flexibility training requires a constant commitment.” To make sure your strength-training exercises improve, rather than limit, your mobility, it’s important to perform each exercise through a full range of motion, he adds. For example, in a pushup, be sure to actually lower your body as far toward the floor as you can (rather than cutting the exercise short). Other issues besides inflexibility can cause problems with mobility. Arthritis, injuries, and muscle imbalances and weakness can all limit range of motion. And the answer isn’t always to just stretch more, Walrod says. For example, tight hamstrings are often due to weak core muscles that are unable to properly stabilize the pelvis, he says. This can result in the front of the pelvis dropping downward and the back of the pelvis rising upward. Since the hamstrings attach to the pelvis, as the back of the pelvis rises, it pulls the hamstrings tighter and tighter, he explains. Strengthening the core will solve the root of the problem, but increasing hamstring flexibility will not. A personal trainer, physical therapist, or sports medicine physician can all help you determine the cause of inflexibility and find the best solution for you. RELATED: How to Stretch When You’re in Pain The takeaway is that mobility and total-body function depend on an intricate interplay of factors. Flexibility is one of them, and is a vital part of any well-rounded exercise routine. With additional reporting by Nicol Natale and Jessica Migala.
